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The Epic

Epic

Primary (Oral) Epic

Literary Tradition

Possible accumulation of lays or episodes. Shaped by a literary artist from historical and legendary materials which had developed in the oral traditions of his nation during a period of expansion and warfare. Composed without the aid of writing, sung or chanted to a musical accompaniment.

Composition

Looser composition because it was composed for recitation. More episodic—the episodes can be detached from the whole and may be enjoyed as separate poems or stories.

Heroic Ideal

The heroes in the oral epic are more concerned with their own personal self-fulfillment. The work focuses on the personal concept of heroism, and the self-fulfillment and identity of the individual hero. The national concept is secondary.

Language

Formulaic, repetitious use of stock phrases and descriptions to aid in oral recitation. Tends toward pleasing the ear rather than the eye. Focus on the spoken word.

Movement

Cyclical, the theme of the return.

Cultural Origin

In cultures that have not yet attained a national identity or unity. Greek city-states, etc.

Examples

The Iliad, The Odyssey, Beowulf, Gilgamesh